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Drumming/Clapping - Handclapping can be seen in church singing and children's ring games. Clapping as a part of religious singing and as part of play is universally practiced in West Africa. Hand and body clapping is often an alternative to using a drum which is the nucleus of African instrumentation. |
| Responsive Singing - Call and response exists when a leader's singing or movement over laps with the singing or movement of a group of followers or helpers. This is common in American Negro work songs, as seen through the Gandy Dancers, in various children ring games, and in religious meetings. All of these acts can be traced to a similar African pattern. |  |
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Gandy Dancers
African-American worksong singers who used songs and chants to send messages that would not be detected by the foreman and complete tasks. |
