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WORK |
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| Southern African Americans traveled to the north in hope of less discriminatory working conditions. Yet the world they hoped for was not the one they found. Denied equality of opportunity and pay, Black workers turned to unions as a means of asserting their rights. Yet the unions were not free of racism: steel and coal unions refused to admit Blacks into their ranks for decades. Only the union of Pullman Porters freely admitted African Americans, yet Black workers made up that industry almost exclusively. Steel and coal unions eventually integrated, but they often refused their Black members equal protection. Admitted but not accepted by the unions, African Americans were unable to escape the system of economic oppression in neither the north nor south. | ||
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INSIDE |
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Interview: Henry Emfinger |
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STEEL UNIONISM |
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